Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman Essay

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman - Essay Example While discussing on Skinners theory Mclntyre says â€Å"He rejected the idea of inner causes for behavior, and placed emphasis on observable behavior as opposed to the theorizing, based on unverifiable evidence, often done by others" (Mclntyre, 2003).Skinner believed that the reappearance of a behavior was solely due to the consequences present at the time of reappearance. He firmly believed that the progression of a certain behavior can be hindered with a chain of reinforcements like a behavior pattern being rewarded every time will eventually result in the behavior getting vanished. While Skinner’s theory is still practiced in modern psychology, animal trainers, who take the help of â€Å"operant conditioning† to discipline the animals, frequently use it. This will mean conditioning of the animal to produce a behavior motivated by reward.While both Watson and Skinner may have similar outlook on behavior, there is a major difference. Skinner believed that due importan ce should be given to the inner part of the behavior like thinking, feeling including emotions, while considering overall behavior of the person. Watson was of the opinion that such mental states cannot be studied scientifically and thus should not be used for referencing the behavior patterns.On the other hand, Tolman was not a radical behaviorist like Skinner. Tolman believed that the behavior was not just an automatic response to the stimulation of a reward.. He believed that learning could occur without the use of a rein forcer.

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Midterm - Assignment Example The present study involved a between-subjects design. This was pertinent in determining whether the participants who read a vignette about a 13 year old were as more likely to sentence a defendant to LWOP as those who read a vignette about a 16 year old. In this context, the dependent variable was life without parole â€Å"LWOP† while the independent variable was the defendant’s age. There were two main variables to be examined in the present study; LWOP and defendant’s age. The vignettes were randomly assigned to the participants. The participants recorded their responses for variable LWOP on a 5 point Likert-type scale (1 = very unlikely, 5 = very likely). On the other hand, the variable defendant’s age had two categories; 13-year old defendants and 16-year old defendants. The results (as in table 2) indicated lack of significant differences between participants who read a vignette about a 13-year old (M = 1.89, SD = 1.21) and participants who read a vignette about a 16-year old (M = 2.14, SD = 1.34); t(185) = 1.30, p = .19. This implies that the participants who read a vignette about a 13-year old were as likely to sentence the defendant to LWOP as those who read a vignette about a 16-year