A New Perspective On International Business - 1078 Words

International business has been and continues to be a rapidly growing dimension with communication and transportation advances enabling companies to service a world market. This brings about a new perspective when conducting business in a foreign country, with the need to consider different laws, economic policies, political climates, cultural dynamics, and social factors. Obligatory for its success, a company wishing to expand globally must look at these differences when formulating its international business plan. Additionally, on the heels of such scandals such as those involving Enron, WorldCom, and Satyam Computer Services, investors desire a single international accounting standard; however, hold differing opinions as to what that single standard should be. In the United States, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) outlines for accountants the acceptable practices regarding the preparation of financial statements. GAAP, developed by the Financial Accounting Stand ards Board (FASB) and known for being more rules-based, specifies the presentation of financial data on the balance statement, income statement, and statement of cash flows. While certain circumstances allow for deviation from GAAP, those deviations must be disclosed. Internationally, accounting standards are under the eye of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and referred to as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which is known for being principles-basedShow MoreRelatedInternational Marketing. Submitted By: Zeinab Amin. Submitted1484 Words   |  6 Pages International Marketing Submitted by: Zeinab Amin Submitted by: Melanie Simmons International Business Northern Alberta Institute of Technology March 12, 2017 â€Æ' Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 4 MARKETING PLAN 5 FACTORS EFFECTING INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 6 PEST ANALYSIS 6 POLITICAL 6 ECONOMIC 7 SOCIAL 8 TECHNOLOGICAL 8 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGIES 8 EXPORTING 9 LICENSING AND FRANCHISING 9 JOINT VENTURE 10 DIRECT INVESTMENTS 10 CONCLUSION 10 REFERENCES 12 â€Æ' INTRODUCTIONRead MoreIntroduction. Coca-Cola Is One Of The Company That Gets1482 Words   |  6 Pagesoutside of the United States; this is a perfect example of international Marketing. The term ‘international marketing’ is not only based on marketing, but rather more building, and executing a solid marketing plan and actively looking for opportunities to expand a given business by moving to new geographic markets, finding new offerings, and products and services that would fit within your company. No doubt expanding a business to an international market can be very challenging. It is costly to implementRead MoreMulticultural Considerations in Business880 Words   |  3 PagesMulticultural Considerations in Business There are many different impacts that culture has on the way business is conducted; cultural systems of values and beliefs lead to specific interpretations of events and interactions, and different demands and expectations for business relationships often exist for individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Engaging in international and multicultural business requires a level of understanding and awareness of specific cultural issues that might ariseRead MoreBusiness Relationships Within A Business Network Context1231 Words   |  5 Pagespolicy†, Journal of International Management, 7, pp. 235-51. 2. Alvarez, S.A. Busenitz L.W., (2001) The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), p. 755-775 3. Anderson, J., Hakansson, H. and Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic Business Relationships within a Business Network Context. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), p.1. 4. Andersson, S. Ingemar W. (2003) Innovative Internationalisation in New firms: Born Globals - the Swedish Case. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1Read MoreCase Study : Regional Medical Centre Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity support for the nearby medical college. The business intelligence balanced scorecard which was incorporated in the system is as tabulated below: Customer perspective Economic and financial perspective Customer satisfaction grades Revenues for services Point of service surveys Costs for services Complaints/feedbacks Units of service provided Waiting time for first visit Innovation and growth perspective Operations perspective Healthcare market share of region Length of patientRead MoreWhat Role Do Hrm Practices Play in a Business Decision to Expand Internationally?1327 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Role Do HRM Practices Play In A Business Decision To Expand Internationally? Ilein Arteaga 2608214 Florida International University HRM CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION OF BUSINESS Human Resource practices play a great role in the international expansion of businesses. 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Our ancestors, with the purpose of increasing the variety of local products, had been trying their best for decades to trade cross border. With the development of international business, international trade theories was developed to explain the benefit nations can get from utilizing free trade pattern and participating in the multilateral trade via opening up strategy by eliminating import control, exportRead MoreIssues in Global Business1296 Words   |  6 PagesModule Title Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts       Module Code 6IM 501      Module Level 6 Credit value 40      Total Number 400 of Learning Hours Key Words Implementation of Global strategy, strategy and the organisation, strategic development, globalisation, international business and the environment, internationalisation.      Module Description There has been a fundamental shiftRead MoreCultural Environment Of International Business Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural Environment of International Business Vanda Mallo Keiser University â€Æ' Abstract Understanding the management role relative to cultural influences is critical for today’s managers who want to interact proficiently across borders. 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Why Pakistani People Have Lost a Sense of Nationality Free Essays

Identity may be defined as a distinctive characteristic of an individual or a particular group of individuals. For one’s survival in this world it is very crucial to maintain his identity. If we expand the criterion of ‘identity’ to national level it is of utmost importance because it is nation’s identity which distinguishes its people from the rest of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Pakistani People Have Lost a Sense of Nationality or any similar topic only for you Order Now The importance of national Identity can be better analyzed by the fact that it is the base of all the policies, i. e. domestic and foreign policy and hence the social. economic cultural and ethical development of any country partly depends upon its national identity. In other words actions of a nation are determined by its identity. As far as Pakistan’s identity is concerned, it may be divided into three phases, i. e. pre-partition, post partition and present day. The term ‘identity crisis’ is used to denote a particular situation where by an individual, group of individuals or a nation faces conflicts regarding its identity. These conflicts occur when one’s ideological basis and prevailing circumstances contradict in such a way that the prevailing circumstances dominate the ideological basis. . With reference to Pakistan the history of ‘identity crisis’ have its roots in the late Mughal dynasty. The comfort-loving attitude of the rulers, bloodsheds for the throne, abandoned faith, mismanagement of domestic economic and political matters, absence of updated foreign developments and other moral, ethical and social weaknesses were the major forces which contributed in the identity crisis of the Muslims of South Asia. In pre partition era where by Muslims of south Asia have lost their regime and British rule tighten the span of their social , cultural and political life. Actually they lost their rule just because of the ‘lost identity’. After a half century of submissive life they began to find the ‘lost identity’ and they succeeded. The second phase of identity crisis began very after the inception of Pakistan. The Shia/Sunni crisis at the time of partition was the first of all. But luckily at that time, the crisis was pragmatically resolved by Quaid-e-Azam, so it was buried in a hatchet at that time but later on it burst up from different grounds. The second case of identity crisis in the chronology is the crisis of East and West Pakistan. At the time of inception, Pakistan inherited East and West Pakistan with one and four provinces respectively. Population of East Pakistan alone was more than that of the total population of the four provinces of West Pakistan. The seeds of identity crisis were sown with the ‘language controversy’, where by Urdu was declared as the national language of Pakistan while Urdu was the influencing language only in West Pakistan. This language controversy and some other strategies which lead to the deprived feelings among the natives of East Pakistan and the ultimate consequence was an identity crisis in the form of separation of East Pakistan in 1971. Not only the separation of East Pakistan but, a variety of identity crisis cases stood in the post partition era. The list contains delayed constitutional development, unstable political conditions (due to personal likes and dislikes and lust of power), Social injustice and negative image of Pakistan on international screen. Constitution is the base of any new born state but in case of Pakistan this base couldn’t be established even after about a decade of the inception of Pakistan. So when there was no base for people, the process of identity development started very late. Latterly the termination of 1956’s and 1962’s constitutions fulfilled the remaining part of delayed identity development. All these factors further participated in corruption, national disharmony, rigid attitudes, misconceptions about the religion (partly the role played by ‘mullas’), blind practices on unnecessary customs and a list of moral dilemmas. The identity crisis after the partition threw Pakistan in an ignominious status both at domestic and at international arena. Domestically we couldn’t achieve the social status which we’ve dreamt during the Pakistan movement. Economically we stood at the back end of the global economic stage. And above all we were entitled as a ‘terrorist state’ due to some mismanaged and scattered groups. Even some of them really didn’t have the basic knowledge of their ideological agenda. In present day Pakistan, the situation is more hazardous than that of one discussed in the previous phase. Today’s identity crisis is ‘giant’ in nature aiming to nip our ideology form the bud. Now with changing global environment and with the changing role of Pakistan at international level, the nature of identity crisis has become more complex. The present day crisis may be classified as political, social religious and economic identity crisis. The social and religious crisis work in collaboration. On the religious part, the extremist group has developed misconceptions about the religion. On the other hand the society is facing the ‘cultural war’ through different media. In such a situation the nation, preferably the youth has contradictions with religious implications which is making them unaware of their ideological basis. In the second step the attractive evil (the weapon of cultural war) is becoming dominant. So the nation’s ideological basis is being deployed by the prevailing circumstances, creating identity crisis. In this case we can’t blame the young mind (as he’s not getting the proper guideline and he has not been trained in such a way that he can find the roots the purpose of his existence, secondly the so called knowledge of religion he gets is not authentic). The second type of present day identity crisis in Pakistan is political in nature. In fact our political system has always been ruled by reigns in hands of few influencing groups. No such political platforms were built for the coming generations, to ensure their participation in national or international affairs. It is very necessary to train the youth for the participation in national affairs because they are the people who have to run the country in the future. Unluckily our youth didn’t get any such training at any stage of our 59 years history. The ultimate result was that, the administrators belonged to a specific group, making others so annoyed that others even don’t care to have a look at the mismanagement. This imbalance in the political infrastructure restricted the educated youth to participate in the national policies and ultimately the process of policy making enjoyed the influence of un-educated and narrow minded policy makers, who couldn’t devise the identity goals of the nation till yet. At international political arena we are still facing the vicious circle of ‘terrorism’. Even our government ensured Pakistan’s contribution in the ‘war against terrorism’, but being an Islamic state we become the suspect of any international terrorist act. Here the policy of state is ambiguous, which aims to satisfy the western world but the integration of Muslim world is not to be seen any where. In my opinion we don’t know that where we are standing right now, where we have to go and where we are going? On the part of economy, no doubt our economy grew with in last half decade but only at macro level. The poor is still standing on the place where he was a decade ago. Increasing Unemployment, inflation, and poverty etc are not only contributing in social imbalances but because of these factors, a common man is not able to find the basis of his identity. The identity of a nation is its image, and our image today is ‘a tree whose roots have been cut’. This situation is actually showing our lost identity. We have become much concerned about our outer look but we have forgotten the basis on which we have to develop our inner self. If this process keeps on going with the same velocity, the time is not far when the existence of our identity will vanish. It is very crucial to have a breach of the peace against identity crisis. In this regard the most important step is identity education. The identity education should be provided at educational institutions as well as in temporarily organized seminars (seminars should be accessible for general public). Identity education will not work till we present a difference between different cultures. Media censorship should also be there in order to lessen the possible damages of cultural war. Media should also spread the knowledge of values among the common men. And last but not least we all should play our part to improve our religious image at international level. In this connection we can spread the true essence of our religion which is peace. How to cite Why Pakistani People Have Lost a Sense of Nationality, Essay examples

Managing Across Border

Question: Identify and discuss in detail five key issues that managers need to carefully assess when contemplating an overseas expansion. Throughout your discussion, provide details relating to two examples of Australian companies who have successfully expanded their operations overseas. Answer: Introduction This report is prepared for developing understanding of key requirements for internationalization of the business. It focuses on the different issues and challenges that the manager needs to carefully assess while deciding overseas expansion of the existing business. Simultaneously it focuses on different organization that has successfully expanded their business at international level. Globe International and Foster Group are the two most successful companies of Australia that are selected for completion of this report. Key issues Following are major issues that are necessary to be assessed for a manager while going for overseas expansion of its business: Cultural diversity issue Technical development issue Political/legal issues Human resource issue Economic issue Detailed analysis of 5 key issues of the overseas expansion is as below. Cultural diversity issue: Whenever manager/entrepreneur expands its business at international level, it needs to identify the cultural diversity issue and its various implications. Manager needs to assess various culture factors while taking strategic business decisions such as belief, values, traditions, languages, laws, climate, religion, etc (Ferraro and Brody, 2015). Cultural diversity is helpful to improve strategic plan, built a productive culture at the workplace. Hence, organization can sustain for a long period through effective cultural diversity management. Due to differences of culture, the managers may face differences in taste and preferences of customers that is critical factor for their product demand in target market. The manager of the firm identifies the needs and preference of the customers through analysis of cultural factor of a country. Consequently, firm can ensure that whether its products will be successful in a particular country or not. At the same time, manager analyses the employ ees behavior in a different culture that is helpful to create the employees engagement at international level (Banks, 2015). Simultaneously manager can overcome the cultural issue in recruitment through carefully designing and conducting recruitment process in host country. A manager can increase the work efficiency of their employees through cultural training and development (Greenfield and Cocking, 2014). Furthermore, a manager can manages the internal conflict in the organization through appointment of the expatriates in the host country. For example, Australian firm Globe International is successful in shoes, accessories, etc in the Australian market. At the same time company expands its operation at overseas and it has faced the several issues such as the tradition of people, customer belief towards the firm, etc. Along with this, the company uses the research and development to know the customer needs, new innovative products, customize the market strategy according to needs of local culture in the host country (Robbins, et al., 2013). The company provides the culture diversity training to their empl oyees, which is helpful to reduce the cultural issues. In addition, the language barrier is the common issues in every culture. It is because difference of language creates challenges for international companies. Manager can overcome the language issues through develops the strategy policy in new culture. As well as, manager can overcome the language barrier through appoints the local employees in the firm (Greenfield and Cocking, 2014). While the firm increases its operations at international level it faces the advertising issue. In addition to this, cultural difference also affects the acceptance of company products in target market. For example, you cannot sell beef in the Indian market because cows are a sacred animal in India. But at the same time, a manager can mitigate that issue through new cultural ideas. Likewise, a manager can meet the requirement of its customers through effective research and development and customization of products in the host country. Apart from this, organizations face the communication issues during the international expansion. But the managers can address this issue through developing understanding of different. For example, Australian firm Foster Group is the successful firm who operates their business in different countries. Foster Group has also faced the cultural issues like taste and preference of the people, language related, etc. Along with this, company mitigates this issues through innovates the new products according to customer requirements. As well as, the company reduced the language issue through develops the standard language of the culture and reflect the value of the customer, which feels comfortable (Cavusgil, et al., 2014). In addition to this, company focuses on cultural training of its staff. Technical development issue: Technical development plays an imperative role in operating the business successful at international level. Each country has different techniques, therefore, it can be said that techniques have also impact on the performance and production of the firm in the long term. Technology issue can be a major issue for the expansion of business at the international level. For instance, Foster group use the modern technology to operate its business. Simultaneously, level of technology at production units of companies decides the level of output of the firms. It is very important for a manager to assess the level of technology in target market selected for expansion of its business (Johanson and Mattsson, 2015). For example, a telecom company that is looking for overseas expansion of its business (4G services) in a country, it cannot select a country with absence of 4G network. Furthermore, a manager also faces the technical problem during the expansion of business in host country such as research and development, the flow of communication, plant and machinery, technology, etc. Thus, after analysis of above issues a manager removes this issues through purchase of advanced technology, investment in technology, appropriate selection of target market and outsource decision in the host country (Piekkari, et al., 2014). A manager also resolves the technical development issues at globally by adding value for the customer through technology advancement. Simultaneously, manager accesses the opportunity and to refine the products to meet out the needs of the customers. Apart from this, a manager reduces the problem of a technical expert, through appoints the expatriate in the host country. Along with this, the company uses the advanced technology to reduce the technical problems. In the context of technical issues, a manager can analyze the issue of employees resistance towards the acceptance of new technology. Manager should provide the training to their employees for overcoming this issue (Ko and Choo, 2015). Company needs to build the advertising and promotional strategy through various channels. For instance, Globe International provides the quality products with the help of advanced technology. But at the same time, the organization has faced the technology failure issue in the host country. Along with this, the company increases the skill of the employees, through technology, motivation, etc. As well as, the company focuses on recruitment of right people at the right place to reduce the technical issues (Lonard, et al., 2012). Political/legal issues: Managers at multinational firms also face the political and legal issues during the overseas expansion. Consequently, Political and legal issues have a major impact on the company and its production operation. Political relationship of home country and host nation is essential for the firm while going for overseas expansion (Rodan, 2013). Along with this, there are various political and legal factors affect the sustainability of the firm in international market such as tax policies, tariffs laws etc. Rise in tax leads to an increase in product cost. In the case of Foster, it is analyzed that the tax policy of the host country is effective for its operations. Therefore, Foster is effective in attaining growth in international market. Thus, the company invests in low tax policy host country that is helpful to maximize the profitability of the Foster as well as increases the sustainability of the firm in long-term (Useem, 2014). On the other hand, fiscal policy of a country also affects the Foster growth strategy. The company analyses unemployment rate, inflation rate of the host country, which is beneficial for the firm for enhancing their business at international level. Apart from this, trade tariffs also affect the business because it is predictor of future sales of compan7y in target nation. For instance, Globe international analyses the host country tariff policy it is because trade tariff imposed on the imported goods and services of the firm increases the cost of the firm. But Globe international is effective to select host country with low trade tariff that increases the production as well as revenue of the firm. This way, company maximizes its profits globally. Simultaneously, Globe International increases their operation in that country where entry mode regulation is easy to operate (Santoro, 2015). Similarly, the company also analyzes the stability of the government in a host country because stable governments impose the low tax policy and provides the tax rebate. Thus, it is helpful for the firm to raise their productivity at international level. In addition, to this, some legal factors also affect the firm growth strategy at international level like employment law, taxation law, data protection law, effectiveness of intellectual property law etc. In addition to this, the other laws like minimum wage law of nation also affect the country selection decision of managers in a company. Country laws are necessary to be understood by managers, so as to design the flexible Hr policy for a meet out the legal requirements of the host country. Firm provides the health conscious goods for meeting the health and safety regulations of host nation (Steingold, 2015). This way, a company can easily increase its profit at overseas level. Globe international is successful organization at globally. But it has also faced some legal issues in overseas expansion. Company provides effective quality product with the latest technology. But at the same time, company expand their business at globally he faces the various issues like product regulation, patent infringement, antitrust laws, etc (Fernando and Congress, 2015). Therefore, Globe International uses the advanced technology quality products with affordable prices in the host country, which reduces the problem of competition, quality issues, etc. Human resource issues: Human resource plays an imperative role in operating any kind of business at the international level. Therefore, it can be said that Human resource will also affect the performance of the business in a significant manner (Ulrich, 2013). Human resource issue may be faced by manager in the form of non-availability of appropriate human resource in host nation. Along with this, it is significant to the organization for expanding its business that it clearly set the procedures of the human resource because it will be effective reduce substandard performance issues in business. For instance: Fosters is a famous Australian company that faces the human resource issue at the time of the business expansion at the global level. Foster set its business in another country and it did not estimate the procedure towards the incentives for the excellent work and disciplinary measures then it faced various challenges that affected the business of the organization. At the same time, organization has declined the incentive issues and punitive measurement of the workers through the determination of the deadline of the work of the employees. It will be effective for the substandard performance and also enhance the growth of the organization in an effective manner. Moreover, it can be said that human resource is a part of the business because that directly influences the growth of the organization (Saunders, 2011). In contrast, for example, Globe International is also an Australia-based multinational company that is famous for offering the shoes, accessories etc. There are some significant human resource issues that can be faced by the organization at the time of the business expansion. These are such as Labor availability problem, Labors skills issues etc that affect the growth of the company in an effective manner. Global International face the labor availability issues because each country has differed income level that affects the organization. Additionally, a company is not able to appoint the cheap labor in host nation that is big problem for the organization. At the same time, a global international company has not identified the skilled employees for its company that was the big issues because it influences the growth of the company (Rosenberg, 2011). Therefore, the company has determined target for the employees and also determined the wages or salaries according to their work that was effective to the organization because it will be supportive is selection of appropriate person at the appropriate place effectively. Thus, it will be also significant for the successful expansion of the business at the international level and enhance the productivity and growth of the business. At the same time, it can be analyzed that both Fosters and Globe International organization are the Australian Company; therefore, it is based upon the western culture. At the same time, it can be said that in the western country each person has a tendency to accomplish their task at own level but in another country. It is not possible that every person is capable of delegating towards the work at own level. It develops the problem for the company so a company has understood about the hierarchy strategy and implement in the business to successfully expand their business (Rivoli, 2014). In Addition to this, in the hierarchy Strategy Company has determined the position of the workers according to their work and they follow the top management to accomplish the work successfully. It can be said that company has appointed the managers to manage the low-level employees and accomplish the goal of the organization effectively (Jackson et al., 2011). Furthermore, it can be analyzed that the global international have understood the strategy of the others country before the expansion of the business in an effective manner. It will be supportive for enhancing the profitability and growth of the company in long term. At the same time, it will also be beneficial for manager to assess the human resource issues that may be faced by it in target market for increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty for its products (Flamholtz, 2012). Economic Issue: The economic issue is also a significant factor for the managers because it directly affects the performance of the business. In this context, it can be said that economic parameter will be a major issue for operating the business in an effective manner. Along with this, it can be said that there are some significant factors that can affect the expansion of the business. These are such as Gross domestic product, Inflation, Interest rate and exchange rate. They will majorly impact on the performance and growth of the business significantly. For instance: The Fosters is a famous multinational company that offers the various products to its customers. Fosters also face the economic issues during the business expansion at the international level. Currency value of the host nation is also a major economic factor that is necessary for manager to be assessed while selecting a country for internationalization of business. The excellent understanding towards the specific country can be effective for successful business expansion in a long term (Edwards, et al., 2013). At the same time, manager has also faces the inflation issues in the expansion of the business. The Fosters Company has also managed the inflation issues at the time of the expansion of the business at the international level. It has declined prices of the product to attract the more customers towards the utilization of the product and services. At the same time company has selected the cost leadership strategy to offer product at a low price that has been significant for the company to enhance the productivity and growth in long run. Globe International is also a well-known multinational company. It offers the various products and services to its customers and satisfies the needs in an effective manner. Global international has also faced the economic issues at the time of the business expansion at the global level (Cavusgil, et al., 2014). Furthermore, it faced different types of factors in expansion of business. These are such as currency fluctuation, GDP and exchange rate (Boxall, et al., 2011). The company has eliminated its currency rate issues through the utilization of hedging instrument. The hedging instrument is effective to enhance the growth and productivity of the business in a systematic manner (Dyckhoff, et al., 2013). In addition to this, the GDP have also affected the performance of the company hence company can research about the country GDP before an expansion of the business in a specific country because it directs impacts on the sales of the company and it will affect the profitability and fin ancial situation of the company (Bernstein, 2015). Furthermore, a Global international company has been analyzing that the GPD is high or low in target country. If the GDP rate is high it means the purchasing power of the country is high and it will positively impact the growth and productivity of the company. Therefore, Global international select that company with higher GDP rate for enhancing the sales and profitability in long run (Dunning, 2012). Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion it can be summarized that business expansion is significant for enhancing the productivity and growth of the organization. But at the same time, there are various issues that are faced by managers in business expansion at the global level. These are such as human resources issues, cultural issues, technological issues, economical issues and political. There are various strategies that may be utilized by managers for ensuring success in target market such as marketing research, generic strategy and training methods. References Banks, J,A, 2015,Cultural diversity and education, UK: Rutledge. Bernstein, M, H, 2015,Regulating business by independent commission, USA: Princeton University Press. Boxall, P and Purcell, J, 2011, Strategy and human resource management, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Cavusgil, S, T, Knight, G, Riesenberger, J, R., Rammal, H. G and Rose, E. L, 2014, International business , UK: Pearson Australia. Cavusgil,S,T, Knight, G, Riesenberger, J,R., Rammal, H,G and Rose, E.L, 2014,International business, Australia: Pearson Australia. Dunning, J, H, 2012, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, USA: Routledge. Dyckhoff, H, Lackes, R and Reese, J, 2013, Supply chain management and reverse logistics. USA: Springer Science and Business Media. Edwards, R., Raggatt, P and Small, N, 2013,The learning society: challenges and trends, USA: Routledge. Fernando, J.D. and Congress, E.P, 2015,Social work with immigrants and refugees: Legal issues, clinical skills, and advocacy, UK: Springer Publishing Company. Ferraro, G and Brody, E.K, 2015, Cultural Dimension of Global Business, UK: Routledge. Flamholtz, E, G, 2012, Human resource accounting: Advances in concepts, methods and applications, USA: Springer Science and Business Media. Greenfield, P, M and Cocking, R.R, 2014,Cross-cultural roots of minority child development, UK: Psychology Press. Jackson, B and Parry, K, 2011, A very short fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership, USA: Sage. Johanson, J and Mattsson, L,G, 2015, Internationalization in industrial systemsa network approach, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Ko, R. and Choo, R, 2015,The Cloud Security Ecosystem: Technical, Legal, Business and Management Issues, USA: Syngress. Lonard, D., Colin, J.F., Remue, C., Jamart, J. and Kartheuser, A. (2012) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: long-term experience, indication expansion, and technical improvements.Surgical endoscopy,26(2), pp.312-322. Piekkari, R., Welch, D and Welch, L, S, 2014, Language in international business: The multilingual reality of global business expansion,USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Rivoli, P, 2014, New Preface and Epilogue with Updates on Economic Issues and Main Characters, USA: John Wiley and Sons. Robbins, S, Judge, T,A, Millett, B and Boyle, M, 2013,Organisational behavior, Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Rodan, G, 2013,Political oppositions in industrialising Asia,UK: Routledge. Rosenberg, E, 2011, Spreading the American dream: American economic and cultural expansion, 1890-1945, UK: Macmillan. Santoro, M.A, 2015,China 2020: How Western business canand shouldinfluence social and political change in the coming decade,USA: Cornell University Press. Saunders, M. N, 2011, Research methods for business students, USA: Pearson Education India. Steingold, F.S, 2015,Legal guide for starting running a small business. USA: Nolo. Ulrich, D ,2013, Human resource champions: The next agenda for adding value and delivering results,UK: Harvard Business Press. Useem, M, 2014,The inner circle: Large corporations and the rise of business political activity in the US and UK,USA: Oxford University Press, USA.